Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS), formerly known as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), is one of the most common endocrine and metabolic disorders affecting women of reproductive age worldwide. The previous term, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, was considered misleading because many affected women do not develop true ovarian cysts, while the name focused primarily on ovarian morphology and fertility rather than the disorder’s systemic endocrine, metabolic, cardiovascular, and psychological manifestations. The updated terminology, PMOS, reflects the complex multisystem nature of the disease and emphasizes that it is not confined to the ovaries but involves multiple endocrine organs and metabolic pathways.According to global health estimates, PMOS affects approximately 1 in 8 women of reproductive age, accounting for more than 170 million individuals worldwide. The global prevalence ranges from 5% to 15%, depending on the diagnostic criteria and study population, with the highest prevalence reported in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (15.1%) and the WHO South-East Asian Region (14.3%). Despite its high prevalence, nearly 70% of affected women remain undiagnosed, leading to delayed diagnosis, disease progression, and increased risk of long-term complications. The recent proposal to adopt the term PMOS followed extensive international collaboration involving healthcare professionals, scientific societies, patient advocacy organizations, and thousands of women living with the condition, with the goal of improving disease awareness, reducing misconceptions, and promoting comprehensive patient care PMOS is characterized by a complex interaction of genetic susceptibility, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, androgen excess, hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis dysfunction, chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and environmental and lifestyle factors. Clinically, the disorder presents with menstrual irregularities, anovulation, infertility, hyperandrogenism, hirsutism, acne, obesity, and polycystic ovarian morphology in some patients. Beyond reproductive dysfunction, women with PMOS are at significantly increased risk of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), obstructive sleep apnea, endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma, anxiety, depression, and reduced quality of life.Early recognition and multidisciplinary management are essential to prevent disease progression and improve long-term health outcomes. Lifestyle modification remains the cornerstone of therapy, while individualized pharmacological treatment should target both reproductive and metabolic abnormalities. This review discusses the evolving concept of PMOS, its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, associated comorbidities, and current management strategies. By recognizing PMOS as a multisystem endocrine and metabolic disorder, healthcare professionals can adopt a more holistic approach that promotes earlier diagnosis, personalized treatment, improved metabolic health, enhanced reproductive outcomes, and better quality of life for affected women.

Sugra Begum, Syed Obaid, Muskan Khatoon,"Understanding the Transition from PCOS TO PMOS: Etiology, pathogenesis and contributing factors" International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Educational Development, V2(5): Page(1008-1019) September - October 2026. ISSN: 3107-6513. www.ijamred.com. Published by Scientific and Academic Research Publishing.